单倍群C-M217

求闻百科，共笔求闻
单倍群C-M217[1]
起源时间50,865 [95% CI 38,317 <-> 61,900] 年前[2]

52,500 或 44,900 ybp[3]

48,400 [95% CI 46,000 <-> 50,900] ybp[4]
共祖年代35,383 [95% CI 25,943 <-> 44,092] ybp[2]

34,000 [95% CI 31,500 <-> 36,700] ybp[4]
起源地东南亚/东亚或中亚
上游单倍群单倍群C-M130
下游单倍群C-M93 (C2a); C-CTS117 (C2b); C-P53.1 (C2c); C-P62 (C2d); C-F2613/Z1338 (C2e)
对应突变M217, P44, PK2
分布区域Oroqen 61%[5]-91%,[6]Evenks 44%[6]-71%,[7][8]Ulchi 69%,[9]Kazakhs 33% [10]-60.7%,[11]Buryats 7%[12]-84%,[13]Evens 5%[8]-74%,[14]Mongolians 23.7% [15]-54%,[5]Tanana 42%,[16]-41.18%[17]Nivkhs 38%,[13]Hazaras 35%[18]–40%,[19]Koryaks 33%,[7][8]Daur 31%,[5]Yukaghir 31%,[20]Manchu 30% (8.3% [21]-51.8% [22]) Hezhe 29.6% [23], Sibe 29.3% [24], Dong 28% , Tujia 28%, Hani 25% [5], North Korean 23% (19% [25]-27% [26]), Altai 22%[14]-24%,[6]Kyrgyz 20%,[18]Uzbeks 20%,[6], South Korean 16% (11.6% [27]-21% [28]), Cheyenne 16%,[16]Apache 15%,[16]Northern Han 14.7% (4.3%-29.6%),[26]Tuvans 11%[29]– 15%,[20]Ainu 12.5%[13]-25%,[14]Hui 11%,[5][6]Sioux 11%,[16]Nogais 14%,[30]Crimean Tatars 9%,[30]Uyghurs 8.27% (0% Urumqi,[5]0% Turpan area,[26]2.6% Keriya,[31]3.1% Lopnur,[31]6.0%,[14]6.0% Urumqi area,[26]6.3% Bortala area,[26]7.0% Yining area,[26]7.7% Yili,[5]8.37% Hetian area,[32]11.8% Horiqol Township,[31]16.08% Turpan area[32]), Vietnamese 7.6% (4.3%-12.5%[33]), Tajiks (Afghanistan) 7.6% (3.6%[34]-9.2%[18]), Southern Han 7.1% (0%-23.5%),[26]Tabassarans 7%,[35]Abazinians 7%,[36]Japanese 5.9% (0%[14]-7.8%[37]), Adygei 2.9%,[38]Kabardians 2.4%,[38]Pasthun 2.04%[17]

单倍群C-M217，也称C2（以前称C3）， 是一个Y染色体DNA单倍群以及单倍群C-M130的下游分支之一。

分布

单倍群C-M217起源于东南亚/东亚或中亚，分布广泛，西至南欧，北至西伯利亚，东至南美洲，南至海洋东南亚。有两个主要分支：C2b-L1373和C2c-F1067。

C2b-L1373的下游支系主要分布在蒙古族、卡尔梅克族、达斡尔族、鄂伦春族、鄂温克族、鄂温族、尼夫赫族、哈萨克族、哈扎拉族等，满族爱新觉罗氏已被证实标记为C2b-L1373下游的C2b1a3a2a-F14749。还分出一支C2b1a1a-P39，主要分布于美洲。[18][29][39][40][41][42][43][44]

C2c-F1067的下游支系主要分布在布里亚特族、汉族、朝鲜族、苗族、土家族、侗族、瑶族、白族等。还分出一支C2c2-CTS4660，主要分布于岭南。[45][46][47] [48][49][50][51][52][53]

参考文献

  1. ↑ ISOGG, 2015 "Y-DNA Haplogroup C and its Subclades – 2015" (15 September 2015).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Monika Karmin, Lauri Saag, Mário Vicente, et al. (2015), "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture." Genome Research 25:1–8 Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; ISSN 1088-9051/15; http://www.genome.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/gr.186684.114.
  3. ↑ G. David Poznik, Yali Xue, Fernando L. Mendez, et al. (2016), "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences." Nature Genetics 2016 June ; 48(6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 YFull Haplogroup YTree v7.02.01 as of March 15, 2019
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Xue Y, Zerjal T, Bao W, et al. Male demography in East Asia: a north-south contrast in human population expansion times. Genetics. 2006-04, 172 (4): 2431–9. PMC 1456369 可免费查阅. PMID 16489223. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Karafet T, Xu L, Du R, et al. Paternal population history of East Asia: sources, patterns, and microevolutionary processes. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2001-09, 69 (3): 615–28. PMC 1235490 可免费查阅. PMID 11481588. doi:10.1086/323299. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Karafet TM, Osipova LP, Gubina MA, Posukh OL, Zegura SL, Hammer MF. High levels of Y-chromosome differentiation among native Siberian populations and the genetic signature of a boreal hunter-gatherer way of life. Hum. Biol. 2002-12, 74 (6): 761–89. PMID 12617488. doi:10.1353/hub.2003.0006. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Pakendorf B, Novgorodov IN, Osakovskij VL, Stoneking M. Mating patterns amongst Siberian reindeer herders: inferences from mtDNA and Y-chromosomal analyses. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2007-07, 133 (3): 1013–27. PMID 17492671. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20590. 
  9. ↑ E. V. Balanovska, Y. V. Bogunov, E. N. Kamenshikova, et al., "Demographic and Genetic Portraits of the Ulchi Population." ISSN 1022-7954, Russian Journal of Genetics, 2018, Vol. 54, No. 10, pp. 1245–1253. DOI: 10.1134/S1022795418100046
  10. ↑ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. 
  11. ↑ Dulik MC, Osipova LP, Schurr TG. Y-chromosome variation in Altaian Kazakhs reveals a common paternal gene pool for Kazakhs and the influence of Mongolian expansions. PLoS ONE. 2011, 6 (3): e17548. PMC 3055870 可免费查阅. PMID 21412412. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017548. 
  12. ↑ Lell JT, Sukernik RI, Starikovskaya YB, et al. The dual origin and Siberian affinities of Native American Y chromosomes. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2002-01, 70 (1): 192–206. PMC 384887 可免费查阅. PMID 11731934. doi:10.1086/338457. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Tajima, Atsushi; Hayami, Masanori; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Juji, T; Matsuo, M; Marzuki, S; Omoto, K; Horai, S. Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages. Journal of Human Genetics. 2004, 49 (4): 187–193. PMID 14997363. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H, et al. Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. J. Hum. Genet. 2006, 51 (1): 47–58. PMID 16328082. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. 
  15. ↑ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Zegura SL, Karafet TM, Zhivotovsky LA, Hammer MF. High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2004-01, 21 (1): 164–75. PMID 14595095. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Marc Haber, Daniel E. Platt, Maziar Ashrafian Bonab, Sonia. Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Di Cristofaro J, Pennarun E, Mazières S, Myres NM, Lin AA, et al. (2013) "Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge." PLoS ONE 8(10): e76748. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748
  19. ↑ Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, et al. Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2006-02, 78 (2): 202–21. PMC 1380230 可免费查阅. PMID 16400607. doi:10.1086/499411. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Pakendorf B, Novgorodov IN, Osakovskij VL, Danilova AP, Protod'jakonov AP, Stoneking M. Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts. Hum. Genet. 2006-10, 120 (3): 334–53. PMID 16845541. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2. 
  21. ↑ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. 
  22. ↑ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. 
  23. ↑ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. 
  24. ↑ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. 
  25. ↑ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 Zhong, Hua; Shi, Hong; Xue-, XB; Qi, Bin; Jin, L; Ma, RZ; Su, B. Global distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup C reveals the prehistoric migration routes of African exodus and early settlement in East Asia. Journal of Human Genetics. 2010, 55 (7): 428–35. PMID 20448651. doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.40. 
  27. ↑ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. 
  28. ↑ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, et al. (2010) "Phylogeography of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C in northern Eurasia." Annals of Human Genetics 74, 539–546. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00601.x
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Marchani EE, Watkins WS, Bulayeva K, Harpending HC, Jorde LB. Culture creates genetic structure in the Caucasus: autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal variation in Daghestan. BMC Genet. 2008, 9: 47. PMC 2488347 可免费查阅. PMID 18637195. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-9-47. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 LIU Shuhu, NIZAM Yilihamu, RABIYAMU Bake, ABDUKERAM Bupatima, and DOLKUN Matyusup, "A study of genetic diversity of three isolated populations in Xinjiang using Y-SNP." Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2018, 37(1): 146-156.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Lu Yan (2011), "Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China." Shanghai: Fudan University, 2011: 1-84. (Doctoral dissertation in Chinese: 陆艳, “中国西部人群的遗传混合”, 上海：复旦大学，2011: 1-84.)
  33. ↑ Kim SH, Kim KC, Shin DJ, et al. High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea. Investig Genet. 2011, 2 (1): 10. PMC 3087676 可免费查阅. PMID 21463511. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. 
  34. ↑ Marc Haber, Daniel E. Platt, Maziar Ashrafian Bonab, Sonia C |title=Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events||date=Published: March 28, 2012|http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 [1]
  35. ↑ Yunusbayev2006
  36. ↑ Nasidze2004a
  37. ↑ Youichi Sato, Toshikatsu Shinka, Ashraf A. Ewis, Aiko Yamauchi, Teruaki Iwamoto, and Yutaka Nakahori, "Overview of genetic variation in the Y chromosome of modern Japanese males." Anthropological Science Vol. 122(3), 131–136, 2014.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Yunusbayev2012
  39. ↑ The genetic legacy of the Mongols. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2003-03, 72 (3): 717–21. PMC 1180246 可免费查阅. PMID 12592608. doi:10.1086/367774.  as PDF
  40. ↑ Xue, Y; Zerjal, T; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Lim, SK; Shu, Q; Xu, J; Du, R; Fu, S. Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2015-09-28, 77 (6): 1112–6. PMC 1285168 可免费查阅. PMID 16380921. doi:10.1086/498583. 
  41. ↑ Xue, Y; Zerjal, T; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Lim, SK; Shu, Q; Xu, J; Du, R; Fu, S. Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2005, 77 (6): 1112–1116. PMC 1285168 可免费查阅. PMID 16380921. doi:10.1086/498583. 
  42. ↑ Tatiana M. Karafet, Ludmila P. Osipova, Olga V. Savina, Brian Hallmark, and Michael F. Hammer (2018), "Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic-speaking populations." Am J Hum Biol. 2018;e23194. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23194. DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23194.
  43. ↑ Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, Sanj Khoyt, Marcin Wozniak, Tomasz Grzybowski, and Ilya Zakharov, "Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels." Journal of Human Genetics (2013) 58, 804–811; doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.108; published online 17 October 2013.
  44. ↑ E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, and N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 – 95.
  45. ↑ Sebastian Lippold, Hongyang Xu, Albert Ko, Mingkun Li, Gabriel Renaud, Anne Butthof, Roland Schröder, and Mark Stoneking, "Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences." Investigative Genetics 2014, 5:13. http://www.investigativegenetics.com/content/5/1/13
  46. ↑ Yan S, Wang C-C, Zheng H-X, Wang W, Qin Z-D, et al. (2014) "Y Chromosomes of 40% Chinese Descend from Three Neolithic Super-Grandfathers." PLoS ONE 9(8): e105691. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105691
  47. ↑ Park, Jin; Lee, Young; Kim, Young; -1#Myung, Hwan Na; et al. Y-SNP miniplexes for East Asian Y-chromosomal haplogroup determination in degraded DNA. Forensic Science International: Genetics. 2013, 7 (1): 75–81. PMID 22818129. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.06.014. 
  48. ↑ FamilyTreeDNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy. www.familytreedna.com. [2020-01-15] （英语）. 
  49. ↑ Pille Hallast, Chiara Batini, Daniel Zadik, et al., "The Y-Chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf: 13,000 High-Confidence SNPs Covering the Majority of Known Clades." Molecular Biology and Evolution doi:10.1093/molbev/msu327 Advance Access publication December 2, 2014.
  50. ↑ V. N. Kharkov, K. V. Khamina, O. F. Medvedeva, K. V. Simonova, E. R. Eremina, and V. A. Stepanov, "Gene Pool of Buryats: Clinal Variability and Territorial Subdivision Based on Data of Y-Chromosome Markers." Russian Journal of Genetics, 2014, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 180–190. DOI: 10.1134/S1022795413110082.
  51. ↑ The Himalayas as a directional barrier to gene flow. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2007-05, 80 (5): 884–94. PMC 1852741 可免费查阅. PMID 17436243. doi:10.1086/516757.  2/77=2.6% C-M217 in a sample of the general population of Kathmandu.
  52. ↑ Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation. BMC Evol. Biol. 2009, 9: 154. PMC 2720951 可免费查阅. PMID 19573232. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154.  1/26=3.8% C-M217 in a sample of Hindu Indians from the Terai.
  53. ↑ The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2003-02, 72 (2): 313–32. PMC 379225 可免费查阅. PMID 12536373. doi:10.1086/346068.  C-M217 in 1/31=3.2% of a sample from West Bengal.

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