复合种

求闻百科,共笔求闻
袖蝶属Heliconius)包含了一些很难区分的物种

复合种英文:species complex)是生物分类学的一个术语,指若干个近缘物种由于外部形态相仿或遗传关系错综复杂,导致难以确定种间界限,因而被归于一个物种名下。以形态特征作为这群生物的分类依据,虽然可将极端不同的个体加以区别,但却无法鉴定特征相同的个体。 另有一些相关术语有时作为复合种的同义词使用,但侧重点有所不同,在特定语境下表义更加精确:

  • 隐存种(cryptic species,台湾又译为隐蔽种隐匿种)指两个或多个物种隐藏在一个物种的名称之下,这些物种互为姐妹种(sibling species,或称姊妹种表型相似种),虽然这些物种彼此不能够跨物种交配繁殖,但它们的形态十分相似,根据表面特征不能把它们清楚地区分出来[1]
  • 种群(species flock)是指同域栖息的一组密切相关的物种;
  • 作为非正式的生物分类阶元时,复合种也被表述为种团(species group)、集合种(species aggregate)或总种超种 superspecies)。

复合种在系统发生学中也一直是较为困难的问题。动物方面,主要发生在复合群型态上的多变原因来自于杂交,或者是演化过程中分化时间非常晚,导致亲缘关系非常密切,如所罗门群岛海雕Haliaeetus sanfordi)与白腹海雕Haliaeetus leucogaster)的亲缘关系便很近,部分文献认为二者之间的分离可能比更新世中期(约 10 万年前)还要晚。而在植物中,复合种的情形更普遍也更复杂。

鸟类是脊椎动物中演化非常极致的类群,它们在演化上的多变性远胜于哺乳动物。尽管近代以来有越来越进步的分子遗传学提供作为亲缘鉴定与分类的依据,但鸟类的复合种分类问题其实仍存在不少困惑之处,比想像中的更加困难。例如,和复合种相关的环物种(ring species)现象——著名的银鸥Larus argentatus)和它的近缘种美洲银鸥Larus smithsonianus)可以杂交,但却不能与隔海的欧亚近缘种杂交。这是一种邻接系列相邻的物种之间可以杂交,但在整个环状分布系列的二端却有生殖隔离的现象,即 A→B、B→C、C→D、D→E、E→F 之间的近缘物种可以杂交,但 A 和 F 这两端却存在生殖隔离,这是至今科学界尚未解决的亲缘演化问题。

列表

已知的或可能的复合种:

真菌界

植物界

动物界

参考文献

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